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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods
05:41

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

Me2-NHC based robust Ir catalyst for efficient water oxidation.

Dennis G H Hetterscheid1, Joost N H Reek

  • 1Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. d.g.h.hetterscheid@uva.nl

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are effective in iridium-catalyzed water oxidation. Mechanistic studies reveal a mononuclear pathway for efficient water oxidation, applicable electrochemically or with chemical oxidants.

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Water oxidation is a critical process for energy conversion and storage.
  • Developing efficient catalysts for water oxidation is a key challenge in sustainable chemistry.
  • Iridium complexes are known for their catalytic activity in oxidation reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of a specific N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, Me(2)-NHC, in iridium-catalyzed water oxidation.
  • To elucidate the catalytic mechanism of water oxidation using this ligand system.
  • To compare the performance of the catalyst under electrochemical and chemical oxidation conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of iridium complexes featuring the Me(2)-NHC ligand.
  • Electrochemical studies to assess catalytic water oxidation.
  • Water oxidation experiments using cerium ammonium nitrate as a chemical oxidant.
  • Spectroscopic and computational methods to investigate reaction intermediates and mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The Me(2)-NHC ligand demonstrated significant value in iridium-catalyzed water oxidation.
  • Efficient catalysis was observed under both electrochemical oxidation and chemical oxidation with cerium ammonium nitrate.
  • Mechanistic investigations indicated that water oxidation proceeds through a well-defined iridium species.
  • A mononuclear pathway was proposed to be responsible for the efficient water oxidation.

Conclusions:

  • Me(2)-NHC is a highly effective ligand for iridium-based water oxidation catalysts.
  • The catalytic system operates efficiently via a mononuclear iridium species.
  • The findings provide insights into the design of advanced catalysts for water oxidation reactions.
  • This research contributes to the development of sustainable energy technologies.