Application of nanotubes and nanofibres in nerve repair. A review

Nanoscience is the science of small particles of materials on a nanometre scale in at least one dimension. Nanomaterials can interact with tissues at the molecular level with a very high degree of functional specificity and control. A large group of nanomaterials includes nanotubes, nanofibres, liposomes, nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nanogels and dendrimers. Such materials can be tailored to react with specific biological systems at a molecular or even supra-molecular level and respond to the cell environment while minimizing undesired side effects. Neuron injuries lead to complex cellular and molecular interactions at the lesion site in an effort to repair the damaged tissue and to regenerate the axon for reconnection with its target organ. Strategies to enhance and stimulate regeneration use various nerve conduits and synthetic guidance devices. A promising strategy for treatment of neuronal injuries is to support and promote axonal growth by means of nanotubes and nanofibres. Nanotubes can be produced from various materials, such as carbon, synthetic polymers, DNA, proteins, lipids, silicon and glass. Carbon nanotubes are not biodegradable and can be used as implants. Moreover, they serve as an extracellular scaffold to guide directed axonal growth. In the review we summarize the results of nanotube and nanofibre application in nerve repair after injury.