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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Dihybrid Crosses

Overview
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
06:18

Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR

Published on: July 11, 2025

Developmental changes in crossover frequency in Arabidopsis.

Masatsugu Toyota1, Kentaro Matsuda, Tetsuji Kakutani

  • 1Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|January 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Meiotic recombination, or crossing over, is higher during pollen formation than megaspore formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Aging affects crossover frequencies during megaspore formation, but not pollen formation.

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An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis
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An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

Published on: June 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Meiosis involves homologous chromosome segregation and crossing over, crucial for genetic rearrangement.
  • Genome-wide analysis of these processes' contributions to genetic rearrangement in Arabidopsis thaliana is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze genome-wide crossover frequencies and chromosome segregation during meiosis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • To investigate the influence of sex and age on these meiotic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed 343 CAPS/SSLP markers to detect polymorphisms between Arabidopsis ecotypes Col and Ler.
  • Mapped markers genome-wide at an average distance of 400kb.
  • Quantified crossover frequencies and chromosome segregation using these markers.

Main Results:

  • Crossover frequencies were significantly higher during pollen formation compared to megaspore formation.
  • Crossover frequencies in pollen formation were unaffected by flower age, but increased with shoot age during megaspore formation.
  • Aging effects on crossovers were dependent on individual shoot developmental age, not plant age.
  • Random assortment and mixing of five chromosomes occurred during meiosis.

Conclusions:

  • Meiotic recombination rates differ between male and female gamete formation in Arabidopsis.
  • Shoot age, not plant age, influences meiotic recombination rates during megaspore formation.
  • Chromosome segregation and crossing over contribute significantly to genome-wide genetic rearrangement.