Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
Published on: August 15, 2018
Gaps in fossil teeth: Saltations or sampling errors?
1Department of Genetics and Biometry, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK.
Abstract:
All evolutionists accept that there are gaps in the fossil record. To some, gaps are data: they mark sudden transitions, unlikely to be preserved, between one species and its descendants that have arisen by a brief genetic revolution within an otherwise stable lineage. However, recent studies of sediment gain and loss show that few fossil beds can be complete enough to give details of the process of speciation, so that most gaps are gaps, and nothing more. Differences in the perception of time and sampling completeness mean that paleontologists and geneticists see the rate and pattern of evolution in different ways. Just how misleading each view may be is seen by analysing the laws of life governing change in living populations using the limitations intrinsic to studies of past times; and by a new insight into the details of species formation now emerging from some remarkably complete primate fossil sequences.
Related Concept Videos
The Fossil Record
Contaminants and Errors
Another key consideration is determining the appropriate number of samples required to...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
Teeth
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Random and Systematic Errors
Genetic Drift

