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Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
06:12

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

Cerebellar learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

M Ito1

  • 1Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|January 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The cerebellum

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cerebellar Function
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a crucial model for understanding cerebellar functions due to its adaptability.
  • The flocculus, an ancient cerebellar region, is hypothesized to mediate VOR adaptation via a modifiable accessory pathway.
  • Synaptic plasticity, triggered by retinal error signals from climbing fibers, is believed to underlie this modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on cerebellar learning mechanisms.
  • To explore the role of the flocculus in vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation.
  • To discuss the site of memory retention and signal content in flocculus Purkinje cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on VOR adaptation.

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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
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Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
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Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

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  • Analysis of studies involving flocculus lesioning or functional impairment.
  • Examination of Purkinje cell activity recordings.
  • Consideration of research on pharmacologically or genetically inhibited synaptic plasticity.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence supports the flocculus hypothesis for VOR adaptive control.
    • Synaptic plasticity, specifically long-term depression, is implicated in VOR adaptation.
    • Ongoing debate exists regarding memory storage sites and Purkinje cell signal content.

    Conclusions:

    • The flocculus plays a key role in the adaptive control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
    • Synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum is the primary mechanism for VOR learning.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate memory retention and signal processing in the cerebellum during VOR adaptation.