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Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment

Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment

Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent dipole. For example, the water molecule is a dipole, making it a good solvent.
Theoretically, studying electric dipoles leads to understanding why the resultant electric forces around us are weak. Since electric forces are strong, remnant net charges are rare. Hence, the interaction between dipoles helps us understand electrical interactions in...

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

Calculations of Electric Potential II

Calculations of Electric Potential II

An electric dipole is a system of two equal but opposite charges, separated by a fixed distance. This system is used to model many real-world systems, including atomic and molecular interactions. One of these systems is the water molecule, but only under certain circumstances. These circumstances are met inside a microwave oven, where electric fields with alternating directions make the water molecules change orientation. This vibration is equivalent to heat at the molecular level.
Consider a...

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

The VSEPR theory can be used to determine the electron pair geometries and molecular structures as follows:

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
A separation of the positive and negative charges can lead to a weak, remnant effect of the positive and negative charges. The expectation is that the more the distance between the positive and...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Dynamics of two-dimensional dipole systems.

Kenneth I Golden¹, Gabor J Kalman, Peter Hartmann

¹Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA. golden@cems.uvm.edu

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|January 15, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We investigated collective modes in the classical two-dimensional dipole system (2DDS). Our findings reveal a universal roton-maxon excitation spectrum, crucial for understanding correlated many-body systems.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Computational Physics

Background:

The classical two-dimensional dipole system (2DDS) exhibits unique quasi-long-range interactions.
It serves as a model for semiconductor electron-hole bilayers, a system of significant experimental interest.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze current fluctuation spectra and collective mode dispersions in the 2DDS.
To understand the emergence of the roton-maxon excitation spectrum in this classical system.

Main Methods:

Combined analytical and molecular dynamics simulations.
Investigation of both liquid and crystalline solid states of the 2DDS.

Main Results:

Observed acoustic longitudinal collective excitations at long wavelengths.
Identified a roton-maxon-like structure in the dispersion curve at higher wave numbers and coupling strengths.
Detected combination frequencies analogous to those in superfluid 4He.

Conclusions:

The study provides insight into the emergence of universal excitation structures driven by strong correlations in the 2DDS.
The findings offer a classical analogue to phenomena observed in quantum systems like superfluid 4He and bosonic dipole systems.