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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

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Commensurate polar smectic structures with a two-component order parameter.

P V Dolganov1, V M Zhilin, V K Dolganov

  • 1Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow district, Russia.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explain a novel six-layer liquid-crystal structure using a discrete Landau model. This model clarifies the unusual polar phases observed, considering various interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Liquid crystal physics

Background:

  • A novel six-layer commensurate structure in smectic-C* liquid crystals was recently reported.
  • Understanding the formation and properties of complex liquid crystal phases is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically explain the novel six-layer smectic-C* liquid-crystal structure.
  • To elucidate the sequence of polar phases observed in this system.
  • To investigate the role of intermolecular interactions in phase formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the discrete Landau model of phase transitions.
  • Employed a two-component order parameter to describe the system.
  • Analyzed the influence of short-range and long-range interactions.

Main Results:

  • The discrete Landau model successfully explains the observed six-layer structure.
  • The model accounts for the unusual sequence of polar phases.
  • The study highlights the impact of interaction types on phase behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The discrete Landau model provides a robust framework for understanding complex liquid crystal phases.
  • Intermolecular interactions significantly dictate the observed phase sequences.
  • Further theoretical and experimental studies are warranted for smectic-C* liquid crystals.