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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Damped Oscillations01:07

Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
Although friction and other non-conservative...
Forced Oscillations01:06

Forced Oscillations

When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
Frequency of Spring-Mass System01:17

Frequency of Spring-Mass System

One interesting characteristic of the simple harmonic motion (SHM) of an object attached to a spring is that the angular frequency, and the period and frequency of the motion, depend only on the mass and the force constant of the spring, and not on other factors such as the amplitude of the motion or initial conditions. We can use the equations of motion and Newton's second law to find the angular frequency, frequency, and period.
Consider a block on a spring on a frictionless surface. There...

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Studying Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Response of Soft Materials
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The clapping book: wind-driven oscillations in a stack of elastic sheets.

P Buchak1, C Eloy, P M Reis

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Thin paper sheets in steady wind exhibit periodic "clapping" behavior. A hybrid study explains how aerodynamic forces cause pages to lift, accumulate, and then collapse shut, repeating the cycle.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
  • Materials Science and Engineering

Background:

  • Oscillatory phenomena in flexible structures under airflow are complex.
  • Understanding the dynamics of thin sheets in fluid flow has practical implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the periodic clapping behavior of multiple thin sheets under aerodynamic loading.
  • To develop a predictive theoretical model for this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Hybrid experimental and theoretical approach.
  • Utilizing a wind tunnel with a clamped stack of paper sheets.
  • Developing a theoretical model to simulate the page dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Observed periodic lifting, accumulation, and collapse of paper pages.
  • The process is driven by the balance between aerodynamic forces and material properties.
  • The theoretical model accurately predicts the observed oscillatory behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the mechanism behind the periodic clapping of thin sheets in airflow.
  • The developed model provides a framework for predicting such dynamic behaviors.
  • Findings contribute to the understanding of fluid-structure interactions.