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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon01:21

Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape velocity with the...
Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics01:23

Absolute Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

Ludwig Edward Boltzmann developed a definition for entropy, which stated that absolute entropy is proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of possible combinations of particles. Entropy stands alone among state functions as the only one whose absolute values can be determined.Consider a gas sample confined to a container. As the container expands, the energy levels of gas molecules become more closely spaced. This increases the number of available energy states, thereby increasing...
Detection of Black Holes01:10

Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no current...

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Entropy enhancement and black hole microstates.

Iosif Bena1, Nikolay Bobev, Clément Ruef

  • 1IPhT, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Entropy of fluctuating supertubes increases significantly in strong magnetic fields due to effective charges. This suggests smooth, horizonless configurations may explain black hole-like entropy.

Area of Science:

  • String theory
  • Quantum gravity
  • Black hole physics

Background:

  • Supertubes are fundamental objects in string theory.
  • Microstate solutions describe black hole interiors.
  • Entropy quantifies the number of possible states in a system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the entropy of fluctuating supertubes in specific microstate solutions.
  • To explore the impact of magnetic fields on supertube entropy.
  • To propose a mechanism for black hole entropy from smooth, horizonless geometries.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fluctuating two-charge supertubes.
  • Examination of three-charge scaling microstate solutions.
  • Calculation of entropy dependence on effective charges in strong magnetic fields.

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Main Results:

  • Entropy is significantly enhanced by effective charges, exceeding naive expectations.
  • Effective charges can be much larger than actual charges in strong magnetic fields.
  • Fluctuating supertubes generate smooth geometries in certain duality frames.

Conclusions:

  • An entropy enhancement mechanism is proposed.
  • This mechanism may account for black hole-like entropy from smooth, horizonless configurations.
  • This occurs in the parameter regime where classical black holes exist.