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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He mathematically...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this particular...
Norton Equivalent Circuits01:16

Norton Equivalent Circuits

Norton's theorem is a fundamental concept in the field of electrical engineering that allows for the simplification of complex AC circuits. The theorem states that any two-terminal linear network can be replaced with an equivalent circuit that consists of an impedance, which is parallel with a constant current source. Figure 1 shows the AC circuit portioned into two parts: Circuit A and Circuit B, while Figure 2 depicts the circuit obtained by replacing Circuit A by its Norton equivalent...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Fault tolerant quantum computation with nondeterministic gates.

Ying Li1, Sean D Barrett, Thomas M Stace

  • 1Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum computing can tolerate over 90% failure rates in operations if failures are heralded. Unknown errors must remain below 2 in 10,000 for fault-tolerant quantum computation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Quantum computing architectures face challenges with nondeterministic and failure-prone operations, especially in distributed systems.
  • Scalability in quantum processors relies on networking smaller components, necessitating robust handling of inter-component failures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum computation in an extreme paradigm where each component has only one qubit.
  • To determine the acceptable failure rates for reliable quantum computation under these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical derivation of fault-tolerance thresholds.
  • Analysis of heralded vs. unheralded failure modes in quantum operations.

Main Results:

  • Fault-tolerant quantum computation is achievable even with failure rates exceeding 90%, provided failures are heralded.
  • A critical condition for this high tolerance is that the rate of unknown errors must not exceed 2 in 10,000 operations.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum computation can be remarkably resilient to operational failures in specific architectures.
  • Heralding failures is a key strategy for enabling fault tolerance in highly scalable, distributed quantum processors.