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Related Concept Videos

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.
Van der Waals Equation01:10

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...
The Van der Waals Equation01:26

The Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is based on two simplifying assumptions: first, that there are no intermolecular attractions between gas molecules, and second, that the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligible compared with the volume of the container. However, these assumptions don't hold up under all conditions - specifically, at high pressures and low temperatures, as gas tends to deviate from ideal gas behavior.The van der Waals equation is an enhanced version of the ideal gas law,...
First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium

Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If we...
Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas01:12

Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the  hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
The number of molecules in one mole is called Avogadro's number...
Deviation from Ideal Behaviour01:23

Deviation from Ideal Behaviour

Real gases do not perfectly obey the ideal gas laws, especially at high pressures and low temperatures or when they are about to condense to a liquid. These deviations occur due to intermolecular forces between gas molecules. Repulsive forces aid expansion and are significant when molecules are very close together, typically at high pressure. Attractive forces assist compression and have a longer range, being effective over several molecular diameters. They become significant when molecules are...

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Published on: March 30, 2017

Weakly interacting Bose gas in the one-dimensional limit.

P Krüger1, S Hofferberth, I E Mazets

  • 1Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre (MUARC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a one-dimensional (1D) quantum Bose gas in a microtrap. A new method distinguished the Bose gas from its thermal cloud, revealing 1D system characteristics at low temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Gases
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Quantum degenerate Bose gases are crucial for understanding quantum mechanics.
  • Studying one-dimensional (1D) systems reveals unique quantum phenomena.
  • Distinguishing Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) fractions from thermal clouds is experimentally challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare a chemically and thermally one-dimensional (1D) quantum degenerate Bose gas in a single microtrap.
  • To develop and apply a novel interferometric method for separating the quasicondensate fraction from the thermal cloud.
  • To investigate the behavior of 1D Bose gases at low temperatures and densities.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of a 1D quantum degenerate Bose gas in a microtrap.
  • Development of a new interferometric technique for phase separation.
  • Measurement of transverse-momentum distributions at finite temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Achieved temperatures down to kT≈0.5ℏω(⊥), where collisional thermalization slowed as predicted for 1D systems.
  • Observed a residual dependence of the transverse-momentum distribution on line density (n(1D)) at low temperatures, characteristic of 1D systems.
  • Demonstrated a linear relationship between the approach to the transverse single-particle ground state and n(1D) for very low densities.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully prepared and characterized a 1D quantum degenerate Bose gas.
  • The developed interferometric method effectively distinguishes quasicondensate from thermal components.
  • The results provide insights into the unique properties of 1D quantum systems, particularly their behavior at low temperatures and densities.