Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Comparison between RL and RC circuits

Comparison between RL and RC circuits

An RC circuit consists of resistance and capacitance, while in an RL circuit, capacitance is replaced by an inductor. RL and RC circuits are first-order differential circuits that store energy. An RC circuit stores energy in the electric field, while an RL circuit stores energy in the magnetic field. When connected to a battery, an RC circuit charges the capacitor, causing the current to decrease from maximum to zero upon being fully charged. This increases the voltage across the capacitor from...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

DC Battery

DC Battery

A conductor needs to be a component of a path that creates a closed loop or full circuit to have a continuous current flowing through it. A current starts to flow if an electric field is created inside an isolated conductor that is not part of a full circuit. The conductor quickly develops a net positive charge at one end and a net negative charge at the other. These charges generate an electric field opposite the direction of the applied electric field, which reduces the current. Eventually,...

Kirchoff's Rules: Application

Kirchoff's Rules: Application

Kirchhoff's rules quantify the current flowing through a circuit and the voltage variations around the loop in a circuit. Applying Kirchhoff's rules generates a set of linear equations that allow us to find the unknown values in circuits. These may be currents, voltages, or resistances.
When applying Kirchhoff's first rule, the junction rule, label the current in each branch and decide its direction. If the chosen direction is wrong, it will have the correct magnitude, although the current will...

Ampere's Law in Matter

Ampere's Law in Matter

The total current density in magnetized material is the sum of the free and bound current densities. The free current arises due to the motion of free electrons within the material, while the bound current arises due to the alignment of magnetic dipole moments.
The differential form of Ampere's law in vacuum states that the curl of the magnetic field equals the permeability times the current density. In a magnetized material, the law is modified to incorporate the free and bound current...

Faraday Disk Dynamo

Faraday Disk Dynamo

A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Enhanced electron-phonon coupling due to layered-perovskites octahedral tilting in hole doped cuprate superconductor.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026

Same author

Understanding and Controlling the Trace Iron Incorporation during Th-Rhabdophane Crystallization.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Same author

Strain-Modulated Tuning of Rashba Signature and Catalytic Activity on Oxynitride Surface: Facet Matters.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026

Same author

Approaching Sixfold Chemical Bonding: Metal Dimers MM' Involving Group 4-8 Transition Metals and the Actinides Th-Np. Additive Covalent Radii <math><semantics><msub><mi>r</mi> <mn>6</mn></msub> <annotation>$r_6$</annotation></semantics></math>.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same author

Two-dimensional superconductivity: a review of computational approaches and emerging phenomena.

Nanotechnology·2026

Same author

Breaking the Synergy between the Quasiparticle Band Gap and Exciton Binding Energy, Bright-Dark Exciton Transition, and Realization of the Excitonic Insulator State in Quantum Spin Hall Insulators.

Nano letters·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Archimedes-Based Glycerol Displacement for Electrode Porosity Measurement in Lead-Acid Batteries

Archimedes-Based Glycerol Displacement for Electrode Porosity Measurement in Lead-Acid Batteries

Published on: April 7, 2026

Relativity and the lead-acid battery.

Rajeev Ahuja¹, Andreas Blomqvist, Peter Larsson

¹Division of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden. rajeev.ahuja@fysik.uu.se

Physical Review Letters

|January 15, 2011

Summary

This study calculates lead-acid battery reactant energies using ab initio methods. Relativistic effects significantly contribute 1.7-1.8 V to the standard voltage, closely matching experimental values.

More Related Videos

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway

Published on: March 7, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Archimedes-Based Glycerol Displacement for Electrode Porosity Measurement in Lead-Acid Batteries

Archimedes-Based Glycerol Displacement for Electrode Porosity Measurement in Lead-Acid Batteries

Published on: April 7, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway

Published on: March 7, 2022

Area of Science:

Computational chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Lead-acid batteries are crucial energy storage devices.
Accurate theoretical prediction of battery performance is essential for development.

Purpose of the Study:

To calculate the energies of solid reactants in lead-acid batteries.
To investigate the contribution of relativistic effects to the standard voltage.

Main Methods:

Ab initio calculations using two basis sets.
Nonrelativistic, scalar-relativistic, and fully relativistic levels.
Multiple exchange-correlation potentials were employed.

Main Results:

The average calculated standard voltage is 2.13 V, closely matching the experimental value of 2.11 V.
Relativistic effects account for 1.7-1.8 V of the standard voltage.
Relativistic effects are significant in both PbO2 and PbSO4.

Conclusions:

Ab initio calculations accurately predict lead-acid battery standard voltage.
Relativistic effects play a dominant role in determining the battery's voltage.
Theoretical methods can reliably model electrochemical systems.