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Updated: Jun 5, 2026
Measuring Uptake of the Glucose Analog, 6-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino)-6-Deoxyglucose, in Intact Murine Neural Retina
Published on: March 14, 2025
Examination of glucose transporter-1, transforming growth factor-β and neuroglobin immunoreactivity in the
Ahmad Khundakar1, Christopher Morris, Janet Slade
1Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. ahmad.khundakar@ncl.ac.uk
Aims:
This study immunohistochemically examined the orbitofrontal cortex for three possible candidates in hypoxic/ischemic signaling: the cytokine transforming growth factor-β, the glucose transporter-1 and the neuron-specific oxygen-binding protein neuroglobin.
Methods:
Post-mortem tissue from 20 depressed and 20 non-depressed individuals was obtained and the expression of the three proteins was analyzed using image analysis software.
Results:
No significant changes were found in transforming growth factor-β or neuroglobin in the orbitofrontal cortex between depressed and non-depressed individuals. There was, however, a trend towards a reduction in glucose transporter-1 in the depressed group.
Conclusions:
This study does not clearly support the hypothesis that hypoxic/ischemic processes are behind the pathological deficits in the frontal-subcortical circuitry associated with depression and therefore does not provide evidence to support the 'vascular depression' hypothesis.
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