Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
Published on: January 31, 2025
Safety of 1000 CT-guided steroid injections with air used to localize the epidural space
1Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Abstract:
Historically, ESIs were performed without any imaging guidance, resulting in erroneous placement in up to 30% of injections. Fluoroscopic imaging is now used to guide most procedures. Recently, several reports have described the use of CT to guide ESIs instead of fluoroscopy. CT provides the ability to use air as contrast to localize the epidural space. This retrospective review will discuss findings in 1000 CT-guided ESIs with air localization.
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