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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Immunogenetic markers in rheumatic diseases.

L Martin, M J Fritzler

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |January 15, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Genetic markers in the major histocompatibility complex are linked to autoimmune diseases like ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, other factors likely contribute to disease development, as these markers are not always present.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunogenetics
    • Rheumatology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Specific genetic markers within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are recognized risk factors for autoimmune diseases.
    • Conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus have demonstrated associations with these MHC markers.
    • The incomplete presence of these markers in affected individuals indicates a need to explore additional contributing factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of genetic susceptibility markers in autoimmune diseases.
    • To explore potential alternative genetic or environmental factors influencing disease development.
    • To understand the molecular basis of shared features among disease-associated genes.

    Main Methods:

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

    An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
    07:37

    An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

    Published on: June 6, 2025

  • Utilizing monoclonal antibody techniques to identify and characterize protein products.
  • Employing peptide mapping to analyze protein sequences and structures.
  • Comparing protein sequences of various gene products with known disease susceptibility markers.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified shared protein sequences between gene products and known disease susceptibility genetic markers.
    • Monoclonal antibody and peptide mapping provided insights into molecular similarities.
    • Evidence suggests a broader molecular basis for autoimmune disease susceptibility than previously understood.

    Conclusions:

    • While certain MHC genetic markers increase autoimmune disease risk, they do not account for all cases.
    • Shared protein sequences among gene products suggest common pathways or molecular mimicry in disease pathogenesis.
    • Further research into these shared sequences and potential environmental factors is warranted to fully understand disease development.