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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
08:47

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: March 5, 2018

Ordering the multiple pathways of apoptosis.

D S Park1, L Stefanis, L A Greene

  • 1Department of Pathology and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, involves distinct pathways initiated by various stimuli. This review examines conserved and divergent apoptotic pathways across four death paradigms, offering insights into cell death regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is crucial for development, homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis.
  • Multiple stimuli can trigger apoptosis via distinct biochemical pathways.
  • Recent advances illuminate the regulation of apoptotic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the composition and ordering of apoptotic pathways.
  • To examine four distinct death paradigms: Fas ligand activation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated killing, DNA damage, and neurotrophic factor withdrawal.
  • To illustrate conserved and divergent aspects of cell death pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biochemical pathways regulating apoptosis.
  • Analysis of apoptotic pathway composition and relative ordering.
  • Comparison across four specific death paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Apoptotic pathways exhibit both conserved and stimulus-dependent components.
  • Distinct death paradigms (Fas ligand, CTL, DNA damage, neurotrophic factors) reveal variations in pathway organization.
  • The review highlights conserved elements and context-specific divergences in cell death regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the conserved and divergent nature of apoptotic pathways is key to comprehending cell death.
  • The identified paradigms showcase the complexity and adaptability of programmed cell death mechanisms.
  • Further research into these pathways can inform therapeutic strategies for diseases involving apoptosis.