Measuring the costs of reproduction

The measurement of costs of reproduction is of interest because such costs are generally assumed by life history theory. There is some controversy concerning how to measure costs: common methods include experimental manipulations of life history, such as preventing some individuals from reproducing, or estimates of genetic correlations. These two methods often yield similar results, suggesting that one can serve as a substitute for the other. There are now experiments which demonstrate that there are different mechanisms underlying the response to an experimental manipulation versus a genetic correlation, so the two methods are not equivalent in estimating costs.