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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

GLP-1 for type 2 diabetes.

Bo Ahrén1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Medicine, Lund University, B11 BMC, SE-221 84 LUND, Sweden. Bo.Ahren@med.lu.se

Experimental Cell Research
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies effectively manage type 2 diabetes by improving glycemic control and offering potential benefits like weight reduction and cardiovascular protection. These treatments, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, are safe and well-established options.

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Published on: May 11, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
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Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets
10:09

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes management involves therapies targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathway.
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors represent two main approaches to modulate GLP-1 activity.
  • Endogenous GLP-1 plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis and has potential extrapancreatic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of GLP-1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes.
  • To evaluate the impact of these therapies on glycemic control, body weight, and cardiovascular health.
  • To assess the safety profile and therapeutic positioning of GLP-1-based treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data for GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.
  • Analysis of effects on HbA1c, body weight, and adverse events.
  • Comparison of monotherapy and combination therapy outcomes.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1-based therapies reduce HbA1c by approximately 0.8-1.1% in 12-week trials.
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists lead to weight reduction, while DPP-4 inhibitors are weight-neutral.
  • These therapies are effective as monotherapy or in combination with other diabetes medications and have a low risk of hypoglycemia.

Conclusions:

  • GLP-1-based therapies are a well-established and valuable treatment for type 2 diabetes.
  • They offer significant glycemic improvements and potential cardiovascular and weight management benefits.
  • Combination therapy with metformin is particularly beneficial for patients inadequately controlled on metformin alone.