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Rapoport's rule: time for an epitaph?

K J Gaston1, T M Blackburn, J I Spicer

  • 1Dept of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK S10 2TN.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapoport's rule, describing species' range size decrease with latitude, shows equivocal evidence. The pattern appears local, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, driven by multiple factors beyond climate variability.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biogeography
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Rapoport's rule posits a decrease in species' geographic range size from high to low latitudes.
  • Empirical evidence supporting this rule as a general pattern is equivocal, with significant complicating factors.
  • Previous research often emphasized climatic variability as the primary driver.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the generality of Rapoport's rule across different taxa and regions.
  • To investigate the geographical extent and potential drivers of latitudinal range size gradients.
  • To assess the validity of proposed hypotheses explaining range size patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing taxonomic and regional studies on species' range sizes.
  • Analysis of geographical bias in current evidence for Rapoport's rule.
  • Evaluation of multiple hypotheses, including climatic variability, for generating latitudinal range size declines.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for Rapoport's rule is equivocal, suggesting it is not a universal pattern.
  • The pattern appears to be a local phenomenon, primarily observed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions above 40-50°N.
  • Support is growing for multiple mechanisms, not solely climatic variability, driving range size patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Rapoport's rule's generality is questionable, likely a local phenomenon in specific regions.
  • Multiple ecological and evolutionary mechanisms contribute to latitudinal range size variations.
  • The study of spatial variation in range sizes remains crucial for ecology and evolution.