Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope01:18

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Surface Appendages of Archaea01:23

Surface Appendages of Archaea

Archaeal surface appendages are highly specialized structures essential for environmental adaptation, encompassing roles in adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. Among these appendages, pili and archaella stand out for their distinct morphologies and functionalities, enabling archaea to thrive in diverse and often extreme environments.Pili: Adhesion and Biofilm FormationPili are filamentous structures assembled from pilin protein subunits, primarily contributing to adhesion and biofilm...
Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either sorted through...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-molecule localisation microscopy approaches reveal envelope glycoprotein clusters in single-enveloped viruses: a potential functional role?

Biochemical Society transactions·2025
Same author

Determination of resilience of a panel of broadly neutralizing mAbs to emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 generated using reverse genetics.

iScience·2025
Same author

Publisher Correction: Unified metagenomic method for rapid detection of microorganisms in clinical samples.

Communications medicine·2024
Same author

Conspiracy Theories Made It Harder for Scientists to Seek the Truth: Virus-origin stories have always been prone to disinformation, and the "lab-leak hypothesis" threatens research-and lives.

Scientific American·2024
Same author

Unified metagenomic method for rapid detection of microorganisms in clinical samples.

Communications medicine·2024
Same author

Differential dysregulation of β-TrCP1 and -2 by HIV-1 Vpu leads to inhibition of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways in infected cells.

mBio·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes
12:10

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Published on: February 23, 2009

SIV envelope acquires a nefarious habit.

Stuart Neil1

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK. stuart.neil@kcl.ac.uk

Cell Host & Microbe
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Deleting the nef gene from simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques (SIVmac) reduces disease. However, the virus envelope (Env) can regain virulence by counteracting tetherin/BST2, mimicking Nef protein functions.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques is a model for HIV research.
  • Deletion of the nef gene generally attenuates SIV virulence.
  • Re-emergence of pathogenic SIVmac strains after nef deletion is a significant concern.

Discussion:

  • Genetic changes in the SIV envelope (env) gene can restore virulence in nef-deleted SIVmac.
  • These env modifications enable the virus to overcome host restriction factors.
  • The study identifies a novel mechanism of viral adaptation and immune evasion.

Key Insights:

  • The SIV envelope protein (Env) can acquire Nef-like functions.
  • Env mutations allow the virus to counteract the host restriction factor tetherin/BST2.

More Related Videos

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
09:04

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects
08:48

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Published on: February 17, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes
12:10

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Published on: February 23, 2009

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus
09:04

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

Published on: March 28, 2025

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects
08:48

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Published on: February 17, 2016

  • This adaptation is crucial for the pathogenesis of nef-deleted SIVmac variants.

    • Outlook:

    • Understanding Env's role in SIV pathogenesis can inform therapeutic strategies.
    • Further research into host-virus interactions, particularly involving tetherin, is warranted.
    • This finding may have implications for controlling lentiviral infections.