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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
Veins of Lower Limbs01:15

Veins of Lower Limbs

The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
Formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein, rising through the calf muscle, assimilates the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein, a superior extension of the foot's dorsalis pedis vein, merges with the posterior tibial vein at the knee,...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

[Giant cell arteritis-related upper/lower limb vasculitis].

Cyrielle Assie1, Isabelle Marie

  • 1CHU de Rouen, Département de médecine interne, 76301 Rouen cedex, France.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Giant cell arteritis can affect limbs, causing serious complications like amputation. Early detection through regular vascular exams and duplex ultrasound is crucial for managing this rare but severe manifestation.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Internal Medicine

Context:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting large arteries.
  • Upper/lower limb vasculitis is an uncommon but serious GCA manifestation.
  • This condition leads to significant morbidity, including limb amputation.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the importance of early screening and diagnosis of upper/lower limb vasculitis in GCA patients.
  • To review current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for GCA-related limb vasculitis.
  • To emphasize the need for comprehensive assessment, including aortic complications.

Summary:

  • Upper/lower limb vasculitis occurs in 3-16% of GCA patients, with amputation rates of 5.6-15.8%.
  • Yearly clinical vascular examinations and duplex ultrasound are recommended for early detection.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

  • Over 50% of patients have concomitant aortic involvement, necessitating routine investigations.
  • Prednisone is the primary treatment, supplemented by aspirin for ischemic complication prevention.

    • Impact:

    • Promotes systematic screening for early identification of GCA-related limb vasculitis.
    • Guides clinicians on appropriate diagnostic tools like duplex ultrasound.
    • Underscores the necessity of evaluating for aortic complications in affected patients.
    • Informs therapeutic decisions, balancing medical management with surgical intervention based on symptom severity.