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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Recurrent thyroid cancer with changing histologic features.

S Michelle Shiller1, Kartik Konduri, Leeanne K Harshman

  • 1Departments of Pathology (Shiller), Oncology (Konduri), Nuclear Radiology (Harshman), Endocrinology (Welch), and Surgery (O'Brien), Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas.

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study follows a woman with breast cancer and subsequent papillary thyroid cancer. The thyroid cancer recurred and transformed into a highly aggressive anaplastic carcinoma, highlighting the importance of vigilant monitoring.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • A 57-year-old woman presented with breast cancer and a suspicious thyroid mass.
  • The breast cancer was hormone receptor-negative, HER2/neu borderline, and highly proliferative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical course and management of a patient with synchronous breast and thyroid cancers.
  • To highlight the progression of thyroid cancer from papillary to anaplastic carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical resection of breast cancer (not detailed).
  • Total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer with lymph node metastases.
  • Radioactive iodine ablation post-thyroidectomy.
  • Resection of recurrent thyroid disease.
  • Observation of cancer progression.

Main Results:

  • Papillary thyroid cancer with metastases was diagnosed and treated.
  • Recurrence of thyroid disease occurred 1 year later.
  • The thyroid cancer transformed into undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma within 2.5 years.

Conclusions:

  • The case illustrates a rare but aggressive progression of thyroid cancer.
  • Sequential and aggressive malignancies require careful monitoring and tailored treatment strategies.