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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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Maternal cardiac function in normal twin pregnancy: a longitudinal study.

M Kuleva1, A Youssef, E Maroni

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal cardiac function differs significantly between twin and singleton pregnancies. Twin gestations show higher cardiac output (CO) and lower total vascular resistance (TVR) from mid-pregnancy.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Physiology

Background:

  • Maternal cardiovascular adaptations are crucial during pregnancy.
  • Twin gestations represent a higher physiological load compared to singleton pregnancies.
  • Understanding these adaptations is key for monitoring maternal and fetal well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally assess maternal cardiac function in uncomplicated twin gestations.
  • To compare maternal cardiac function in twin versus singleton pregnancies.
  • To identify specific cardiovascular changes associated with twin gestation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective enrollment of women with twin pregnancies.
  • Serial echocardiography performed at 20-23, 26-29, and 30-33 weeks of gestation.
  • Exclusion of pregnancies with complications (e.g., preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia, SGA).
  • Comparison with a control group of singleton gestations matched for gestational age.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher cardiac output (CO) in twin gestations compared to singletons at all assessed time points (P < 0.015).
  • Significantly lower total vascular resistance (TVR) in twin gestations compared to singletons (P < 0.018).
  • Both groups showed increased CO and decreased TVR throughout pregnancy, with more pronounced changes in twins.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal cardiac function undergoes more profound changes in twin gestations than in singletons.
  • Higher CO and lower TVR are characteristic of twin pregnancies from the mid-trimester.
  • These findings highlight distinct cardiovascular adaptations necessary to support twin gestation.