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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Dissimilatory perchlorate reduction: a review.

Nirmala Bardiya1, Jae-Ho Bae

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Inchon 402-751, South Korea. nbardiya@uark.edu

Microbiological Research
|January 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Perchlorate contamination from human activities poses health risks. Microbial reduction offers a complete degradation solution, unlike incomplete physico-chemical methods like ion exchange.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Anthropogenic activities cause widespread perchlorate contamination in US water and soil.
  • Perchlorate exhibits toxicity to ecosystems and affects human/animal health, raising public health concerns.
  • Existing decontamination methods like ion exchange have limitations, including waste generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review unique dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria.
  • To detail microbiological, biochemical, genetic, and phylogenetic aspects of these bacteria.
  • To highlight biological reduction as a complete perchlorate degradation method.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on perchlorate contamination.
  • Analysis of microbial reduction processes.

More Related Videos

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
15:19

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Published on: October 15, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
15:19

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

Published on: October 15, 2015

  • Focus on dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria.

    • Main Results:

    • Biological reduction completely degrades perchlorate into oxygen and chloride.
    • Perchlorate and chlorate reduction potentials make them ideal microbial electron acceptors.
    • Unique dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria have been isolated and studied.

    Conclusions:

    • Microbial reduction is a promising and complete method for perchlorate decontamination.
    • Dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria offer a sustainable solution.
    • Further research into these unique bacteria is warranted.