Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
Published on: March 15, 2024
Trajectories of school engagement during adolescence: implications for grades, depression, delinquency, and substance
1Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. yibing.li@tufts.edu
Abstract:
Using longitudinal data from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, the authors assessed 1,977 adolescents across Grades 5 to 8 to determine if there were distinctive developmental paths for behavioral and emotional school engagement; if these paths varied in relation to sex, race/ethnicity, and family socioeconomic status (SES); and whether links existed between trajectories of school engagement and grades, depression, substance use, and delinquency. Four trajectories for behavioral school engagement and four trajectories of emotional engagement were identified using a semiparametric mixture model. These trajectories were distinct with regard to initial levels of and changes in engagement, as well as to their shapes. Trajectories varied in regard to sex, SES, and race/ethnicity. Different trajectories of behavioral and emotional engagement were linked to grades, depression, delinquency, and substance use. Directions for future research and application are discussed.
Related Concept Videos
Influence of Parents and Peers on Identity
Parental Influence on Identity Development
Parents serve as primary guides and managers in an adolescent's life, offering support instrumental in decision-making and personal growth. This guiding role...
Cognitive Development During Adolescence
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
Ethnic Identity within a Larger Culture
Conduct Disorder
Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Adolescence
