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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Gustation01:43

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Olfactory and gustatory function in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Franca Fleiner1, Sarah Bettina Dahlslett, Felix Schmidt

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Berlin, Germany. franca.fleiner@charite.de

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients frequently experience olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. This study highlights impaired smell and taste in MS, suggesting gustatory dysfunction as a potential disease marker.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory function (OF) and gustatory function can be impaired in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Previous literature suggests a potential link between MS and sensory deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in MS patients.
  • To explore potential correlations between different sensory testing modalities and self-reported olfactory ability.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function using the Sniffin' Sticks (Threshold Discrimination Identification [TDI] score) and Taste Powder tests, respectively.
  • Evaluated gustatory function with Taste Strips.
  • Compared sensory function between MS patients and age-, sex-, and smoking-matched healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • 50% of MS patients exhibited hyposmia (low TDI score), with significantly impaired identification.
  • 25% of MS patients showed limited retronasal OF.
  • 19% of MS patients had significantly impaired gustatory function.
  • Diminished self-reported smell correlated with poorer performance on retronasal OF testing.

Conclusions:

  • This study confirms olfactory disorders in MS patients.
  • No significant correlation was found between orthonasal and retronasal olfactory testing.
  • A higher incidence of gustatory dysfunction was observed, suggesting it may serve as a potential marker for MS.