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Related Concept Videos

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
09:45

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Published on: February 5, 2022

Lipid modification of G proteins.

B T Kinsella1, D J O'Mahony

  • 1Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Experimental Therapeutics, University College Dublin, Mater Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

G proteins, crucial for cell signaling, undergo lipid modifications like palmitoylation and prenylation. These modifications enhance protein hydrophobicity and influence G-protein function in diverse cellular processes.

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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
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A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

Published on: February 20, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
09:45

Construction of Model Lipid Membranes Incorporating G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Published on: February 5, 2022

Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

Published on: June 9, 2017

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
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A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

Published on: February 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins and ras-related low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins are key signal transducers.
  • These proteins regulate vital cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and intracellular transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse lipid modifications of G proteins.
  • To discuss the functional significance of these lipid modifications in G-protein activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of G protein lipid modification.
  • Analysis of the impact of lipid modifications on protein properties and function.

Main Results:

  • G proteins are modified by various lipids, including fatty-acyl groups (palmitate, myristate) and isoprenoids (farnesyl, geranylgeranyl).
  • Lipid modifications increase the hydrophobicity of G proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Lipid modification is a critical regulatory mechanism for G protein function.
  • Understanding these modifications is essential for comprehending signal transduction pathways.