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Related Concept Videos

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to the...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

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Recapitulation of an Ion Channel IV Curve Using Frequency Components
10:14

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Published on: February 8, 2011

Oscillatory interactions between voltage gated electroenzymes.

D Gradmann1, P Buschmann

  • 1Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant plasma membrane electroenzymes interact via voltage. Long-term osmotic balance is achieved through alternating salt uptake and loss states, not a steady state, according to simplified model calculations.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plant plasma membrane transport proteins, termed 'electroenzymes', are voltage-sensitive.
  • These electroenzymes interact through membrane voltage under physiological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a physical basis for calculating electroenzyme interactions using experimental data.
  • To model the long-term osmotic regulation in plant cells based on electroenzyme activity.

Main Methods:

  • Simplified model calculations incorporating five key plant cell electroenzymes: H(+) pump, K(+) channels (inward and outward rectifying), Cl(-) channel, and a 2H(+)/Cl(-) symporter.
  • Numerical analysis of specific model properties including oscillation dynamics, temperature compensation, and gating effects.

Main Results:

  • Plant osmotic relations are maintained by alternating between salt uptake (low voltage) and salt loss (high voltage) states, rather than a stable steady-state.
  • Model simulations explored minimum configurations for oscillations, temperature compensation mechanisms, and the physiological impact of rapid gating.

Conclusions:

  • Voltage-sensitive ion transport is crucial for plant osmotic homeostasis.
  • Dynamic voltage fluctuations, rather than static states, drive long-term osmotic balance in plant cells.