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Standard Precaution

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

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An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

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Occupational postexposure prophylaxis for HIV: The PEPline perspective

Topics in HIV Medicine : a Publication of the International AIDS Society, USA

|January 20, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Occupational human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is rare for healthcare workers. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) significantly reduces HIV risk following potential exposure, with specific regimens tailored to exposure type and source patient factors.

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Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Occupational Health
Public Health

Background:

Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among healthcare personnel (HCP) presents a rare but significant risk.
Transmission risk varies based on exposure type (percutaneous vs. mucous membrane/nonintact skin) and source patient characteristics.
Established protocols and resources like PEPline provide crucial guidance for managing occupational HIV exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize current knowledge and practices regarding occupational HIV exposure management for healthcare personnel.
To highlight the role of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in mitigating HIV transmission risk.
To inform clinicians about risk assessment, PEP regimens, and testing protocols.

Main Methods:

Review of existing data on occupational HIV transmission risks.
Description of the services and support provided by PEPline.
Overview of the components of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens.

Main Results:

Occupational HIV transmission risk is low, estimated at 0.3% for percutaneous and 0.09% for mucocutaneous exposures.
PEPline handles approximately 900 calls monthly, primarily from clinicians seeking guidance.
HIV PEP involves a 28-day course of medication, with regimen selection based on exposure details.

Conclusions:

Occupational HIV transmission is preventable with appropriate post-exposure management.
Adherence to PEP guidelines and utilization of resources like PEPline are critical for healthcare safety.
Ongoing updates to PEP recommendations ensure evidence-based care for HCP.