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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

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Related Experiment Video

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Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Non-coding RNAs as regulators of embryogenesis.

Andrea Pauli1, John L Rinn, Alexander F Schier

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. pauli@fas.harvard.edu

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial for embryonic development, regulating gene expression and key developmental processes. These molecules promote developmental transitions and maintain cellular states, ensuring robust cell fate determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in biological processes.
  • Embryogenesis involves complex gene expression programs critical for development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the roles of ncRNAs in regulating key events during embryogenesis.
  • To highlight emerging themes of ncRNA function in development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies across various animal model systems.
  • Analysis of ncRNA mechanisms including mRNA degradation and chromatin modification.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs regulate diverse aspects of embryogenesis, including maternal-zygotic transition, pluripotency, axis patterning, cell differentiation, and organogenesis.
  • Two primary functions identified: promoting developmental transitions and maintaining developmental states.
  • ncRNAs ensure robust cell fate commitment.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are essential regulators of embryogenesis, orchestrating gene expression and developmental progression.
  • Understanding ncRNA functions provides insights into developmental robustness and cell fate decisions.