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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Rapid onset aggressive vertebral haemangioma.

Nicholas K Cheung1, Xenia Doorenbosch, John G Christie

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia. Nicholas.Cheung@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Aggressive pediatric vertebral hemangiomas are rare but can cause rapid neurological decline. Early MRI diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial for favorable outcomes in these uncommon cases.

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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Published on: June 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Vertebral hemangiomas are typically benign vascular tumors in adults.
  • Pediatric presentations are exceptionally rare, often leading to acute neurological deficits.
  • Aggressive vertebral hemangiomas in children can cause severe spinal cord compression.

Observation:

  • A 13-year-old boy presented with a 2-week history of progressive gait disturbance, truncal ataxia, and loss of bladder control.
  • Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large, vascular epidural mass compressing the spinal cord between T6 and T8.
  • Surgical exploration identified a highly vascular bony lesion confirmed as a vertebral hemangioma via histopathology.

Findings:

  • The case demonstrates an unusual, aggressive presentation of a pediatric vertebral hemangioma.
  • The tumor caused significant spinal cord compression, leading to rapid neurological deterioration.
  • Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of vertebral hemangioma.

Implications:

  • Highlights the critical need for prompt diagnosis of pediatric vertebral hemangiomas.
  • Emphasizes the importance of MRI in evaluating spinal cord compression in children.
  • Underscores the necessity of urgent surgical management for aggressive pediatric vertebral hemangiomas.