Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
The Thyroid Gland
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Endotracheal Intubation II: Nursing Management
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
Published on: November 28, 2025
Philip M Spanheimer1, Sonia L Sugg, Geeta Lal
1Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, Iowa.
Most patients need ongoing care after thyroid lobectomy, with many requiring hormone replacement or further monitoring. Total thyroidectomy may be a more efficient management option for nodular thyroid disease.
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