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Related Concept Videos

Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function
09:25

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

Published on: February 16, 2017

[Immunity against tetanus is often lacking in the elderly].

H Hof1, J Bartel

  • 1Labor Limbach, Im Breitspiel 15, 69126 Heidelberg. herbert.hof@labor-limbach.de

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elderly individuals often lack adequate tetanus antibody protection due to declining titers, not a general immune decline. Increased awareness for tetanus vaccination is crucial for this demographic.

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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function
09:25

Detection and Enrichment of Rare Antigen-specific B Cells for Analysis of Phenotype and Function

Published on: February 16, 2017

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Context:

  • Tetanus vaccination is recommended for the elderly.
  • Immune system function can change with age.

Purpose:

  • To assess the necessity of tetanus vaccination in the elderly.
  • To investigate antibody levels against tetanus toxin in different age groups.

Summary:

  • Serum antibody levels to tetanus toxin were measured in 2936 individuals using ELISA.
  • A significant decrease in antibody titers was observed in older individuals, with many above 80 years lacking protective levels.
  • Despite lower tetanus antibody titers, immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM, IgA) were higher in older age groups, suggesting a specific decline in tetanus immunity rather than general immune senescence.

Impact:

  • Findings suggest that current tetanus vaccination recommendations for the elderly may be insufficient.
  • The study highlights a potential gap in awareness regarding the need for ongoing tetanus immunization in older populations.
  • This research underscores the importance of maintaining protective tetanus antibody titers throughout life, particularly in aging individuals.