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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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The human microbiome in multiple sclerosis: pathogenic or protective constituents?

Christopher Power1, Joseph M Antony, Kristofor K Ellestad

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|January 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The human microbiome influences multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Infections may be pathogenic or beneficial, impacting immune and nervous systems, with implications for MS diagnosis and therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The human microbiome comprises microorganisms with diverse effects on host tissues.
  • Infectious agents are implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, with varied findings.
  • The hygiene hypothesis suggests potential long-term benefits of certain microbial exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of specific infectious agents in MS.
  • To examine the impact of these agents on the immune and nervous systems.
  • To explore the microbiome's potential in MS diagnostics and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on herpes viruses, coronaviruses, and retroviruses.
  • Analysis of immune-mediated mechanisms in MS pathogenesis.
  • Consideration of synchronic infections and their role.

Main Results:

  • Infectious agents' contributions to MS vary based on agent, techniques, and phenotype.
  • Effects on immune and nervous systems are diverse, potentially pathogenic or beneficial.
  • Microbiome interactions may influence disease course and outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious agents play a complex role in MS, not exclusively pathogenic.
  • The human microbiome holds significant potential for future MS diagnostics.
  • Targeting the microbiome may offer novel therapeutic strategies for MS.