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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Published on: January 11, 2018

Murine TMJ loading causes increased proliferation and chondrocyte maturation.

T Sobue¹, W-C Yeh, A Chhibber

¹Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.

Journal of Dental Research

|January 21, 2011

Summary

Forced mouth opening stimulates mandibular condylar cartilage growth in mice. Higher force levels significantly increased chondrocyte maturation markers and subchondral bone spacing.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Orthodontics
Skeletal Biology

Background:

Mandibular condylar head remodeling is crucial for jaw development and function.
Understanding the biological responses to mechanical stimuli is key in orthodontics and regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of forced mouth opening on mandibular condylar head remodeling in mice.
To test the hypothesis that forced mouth opening induces an anabolic response in mandibular condylar cartilage.

Main Methods:

Utilized a murine model with three experimental groups: control, 0.25 N, and 0.50 N forced mouth opening.
Analyzed gene expression (Pthrp, Sox9, Collagen2a1), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for bone structure, and cell proliferation assays.

Main Results:

A 0.50 N force significantly upregulated chondrocyte maturation markers (Pthrp, Sox9, Collagen2a1) and increased cell proliferation.
Significant increases in subchondral bone trabecular spacing were observed with 0.50 N force.
No significant changes were noted in the 0.25 N group.

Conclusions:

Forced mouth opening, at sufficient force levels, promotes chondrocyte maturation and alters subchondral bone morphology.
These findings suggest a mechanical signaling pathway influencing mandibular condylar cartilage anabolism.