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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

155.9K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
155.9K
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.6K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
12.6K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

13.6K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
13.6K
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

7.2K
Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
7.2K
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

10.9K
Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
10.9K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.7K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.7K

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Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
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Nascent transcript sequencing visualizes transcription at nucleotide resolution.

L Stirling Churchman1, Jonathan S Weissman

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Nature
|January 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq) monitors RNA polymerase activity at nucleotide resolution. This method reveals how the Rpd3S complex controls transcription directionality and how nucleosomes impede elongation by causing polymerase pausing.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Transcription regulation involves complex post-initiation controls and rapid transcript degradation.
  • Understanding transcript production requires methods to track nascent RNA molecules.
  • Previous methods lacked nucleotide-resolution tracking of active transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel method for monitoring nascent transcripts at nucleotide resolution.
  • To investigate the role of the Rpd3S complex in controlling promoter directionality.
  • To identify and characterize polymerase pausing and backtracking during transcription elongation.

Main Methods:

  • Native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq) was developed, utilizing deep sequencing of 3' ends of nascent transcripts associated with RNA polymerase.
  • NET-seq was applied to Saccharomyces cerevisiae to analyze transcription dynamics.
  • Computational analysis was used to identify promoter directionality, pausing, and backtracking sites.

Main Results:

  • NET-seq provides nucleotide-resolution monitoring of transcription.
  • The Rpd3S deacetylation complex enforces promoter directionality by suppressing antisense transcription.
  • Pervasive polymerase pausing and backtracking occur throughout transcripts, with peaks at nucleosomes.
  • Nucleosome-induced pausing acts as a significant barrier to transcriptional elongation in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • NET-seq is a powerful tool for studying transcription dynamics.
  • The Rpd3S complex plays a critical role in establishing unidirectional transcription.
  • Nucleosomes significantly impede transcription elongation through pausing, highlighting a key regulatory mechanism.