Lipid transfer particle-induced transformation of human high density lipoprotein into apolipoprotein A-I-deficient low density particles

Incubation of human high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (density = 1.063-1.21 g/ml) with catalytic amounts of Manduca sexta lipid transfer particle (LTP) resulted in alteration of the density distribution of HDL protein such that the original HDL particles were transformed into new particles with an equilibrium density = 1.05 g/ml. Concomitantly, substantial amounts of protein were recovered in the bottom fraction of the density gradient. The LTP-induced alteration in HDL protein density distribution was dependent on the LTP concentration and incubation time. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that the lower density fraction contained apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) as the major apoprotein component while nearly all of the apoA-I was recovered in the bottom fraction. Lipid analysis of the HDL substrate and product fractions revealed that the apoA-I-rich fraction was nearly devoid of lipid (less than 1%, w/w). The lipid originally associated with HDL was recovered in the low density, apoA-II-rich, lipoprotein fraction, and the ratios of individual lipid classes were the same as in control HDL. Electron microscopy and gel permeation chromatography experiments revealed that the LTP-induced product lipoprotein population comprised particles of larger size (19.7 +/- 1.4-nm diameter) than control HDL (10.6 +/- 1.4-nm diameter). The results suggest that facilitated net lipid transfer between HDL particles altered the distribution of lipid such that apoprotein migration occurred and donor particles disintegrated. Similar results were obtained when human HDL3 or HDL2 density subclasses were employed as substrates for LTP. The lower surface area to core volume ratio of the larger, product lipoprotein particles compared with the substrate HDL requires that there be a decrease in the total exposed lipid/water interface which requires stabilization by apolipoprotein. Selective displacement of apoA-I by apoA-II or apoC, due to their greater surface binding affinity, dictates that apoA-I is preferentially lost from the lipoprotein surface and is therefore recovered as lipid-free apoprotein. Thus, it is conceivable that the structural arrangement of HDL particle lipid and apoprotein components isolated from human plasma may not represent the most thermodynamically stable arrangement of lipid and protein.