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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

Medical students learning intimate examinations without valid consent: a multicentre study.

Charlotte E Rees¹, Lynn V Monrouxe

¹Centre of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. c.rees@dundee.ac.uk

Medical Education

|January 22, 2011

Summary

Medical students often performed intimate examinations without patient consent, citing instructions as justification. Faculty development is crucial to ensure adherence to consent policies in medical education.

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Published on: February 10, 2016

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Professionalism
Medical Ethics

Background:

Medical students face ethical dilemmas regarding patient consent for intimate examinations.
Professionalism in medicine requires adherence to ethical guidelines, including informed consent.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore how medical students explain their behavior when performing or observing intimate examinations without valid patient consent.
To analyze student justifications for actions in ethically challenging scenarios within medical training.

Main Methods:

Qualitative study using individual and group interviews with 200 medical students across three institutions.
Thematic analysis of narratives followed by quantitative analysis of student explanations for compliance or refusal regarding intimate examinations without consent.

Main Results:

63% of intimate examination dilemmas involved students observing or performing procedures without valid consent.
Students frequently complied with instructions, explaining their actions by stating they "had to" comply, downplaying intentionality.
Refusal to comply was less common but emphasized intentionality.

Conclusions:

Medical students across different programs and locations performed intimate examinations without valid patient consent, despite institutional policies.
There is a critical need for faculty development to ensure clinical teachers effectively implement and enforce patient consent policies.