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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Lithium in drinking water and thyroid function.

Karin Broberg1, Gabriela Concha, Karin Engström

  • 1Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. broberg@med.lu.se

Environmental Health Perspectives
|January 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

High lithium levels in drinking water were linked to altered thyroid function in Argentinean women. This suggests environmental lithium exposure may impact thyroid health, necessitating water source screening.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Elevated lithium concentrations detected in drinking water sources in the Argentinean Andes.
  • Lithium's established use in treating bipolar disorder and depression.
  • Known potential side effect of lithium treatment is altered thyroid function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between environmental lithium exposure and thyroid function.
  • To assess the impact of lithium from drinking water on thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of 202 women from four Andean villages in northern Argentina.
  • Assessment of lithium exposure using urinary concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
  • Evaluation of thyroid function via plasma free thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

Main Results:

  • Median urinary lithium concentration was 3,910 μg/L.
  • Urinary lithium showed an inverse association with plasma free thyroxine (T4) and a positive association with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
  • These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Urine selenium was positively associated with T4.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental exposure to lithium, particularly through drinking water, may influence thyroid function.
  • Findings align with known side effects of lithium medication.
  • Highlights the importance of screening drinking water sources for lithium content.