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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Tissue Injury: Inflammation and Repair01:28

Tissue Injury: Inflammation and Repair

Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
Formation of Blood Clot
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

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Sequential In vivo Imaging of Osteogenic Stem/Progenitor Cells During Fracture Repair
10:30

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Published on: May 23, 2014

Sox9 expression during fracture repair.

Yuko Shintaku1, Takashi Murakami, Takeshi Yanagita

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

Cells, Tissues, Organs
|January 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Sox9 and Runx1 expressing cells appear in early fracture healing, similar to embryonic bone development. Mechanical stress influences Sox9 levels, guiding cell fate decisions in bone regeneration.

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Sox9 is crucial for chondrogenesis and osteochondroprogenitors during embryonic bone development.
  • The role of Sox9-expressing cells in fracture repair, beyond cartilaginous callus, remains unclear.
  • Mechanical stress influences osteochondrogenic precursor fate during fracture healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of Sox9-expressing cells during early fracture healing in vivo.
  • To explore the link between Sox9 induction, mechanical stress, and Runx1 expression during bone repair.
  • To understand the mechanism of fate decision in osteochondrogenic precursors under mechanical influence.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo analysis of Sox9, Runx1, and Runx2 expression during fracture healing.
  • In vitro study of Sox9 mRNA expression in stromal cells under cyclic tension.
  • Evaluation of cell fate commitment in osteochondrogenic precursors.

Main Results:

  • Sox9 and Runx1 expressing cells were identified in the periosteal callus during early fracture repair.
  • Expression of Sox9 and Runx1 decreased during ossification, mirroring embryonic development.
  • Cyclic mechanical tension upregulated and maintained Sox9 mRNA expression in cultured stromal cells.

Conclusions:

  • Sox9 and Runx1 expressing precursor cells are integral to the early stages of fracture repair.
  • The mechanical environment plays a significant role in modulating Sox9 expression in osteochondrogenic precursors.
  • Mechanical cues influencing Sox9 expression impact the lineage commitment of precursor cells towards osteogenesis or chondrogenesis.