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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
06:05

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Published on: October 12, 2017

Obstructive uropathy.

Luan D Truong, Lillian Gaber, Garabed Eknoyan

    Contributions to Nephrology
    |January 22, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Experimental urinary obstruction (UO) in animal models reveals mechanisms of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). This model shows TIN lesions persist and progress even after obstruction relief, hindering reversibility.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Pathology
    • Experimental Medicine

    Background:

    • Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a key factor in chronic kidney disease progression.
    • Understanding TIN pathogenesis is crucial but limited by inadequate experimental models.
    • Congenital obstructive nephropathy is a leading cause of pediatric end-stage renal disease.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To utilize experimental urinary obstruction (UO) as a model for studying TIN pathogenesis.
    • To investigate the potential reversibility of TIN following relief of UO.
    • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying UO-induced TIN.

    Main Methods:

    • Induction of unilateral ureteral obstruction in experimental animals (rats and mice).
    • Analysis of renal tissue for tubular injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.

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  • Genetic manipulation in mice to study specific pathogenic molecules.
  • Assessment of renal and glomerular development and function post-obstruction relief.

    • Main Results:

    • Experimental UO reliably induces TIN, characterized by tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation.
    • UO leads to tubular epithelial cell injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibroblast activation.
    • TIN lesions persist and progress even after UO relief, indicating limited reversibility.
    • UO activates the renin-angiotensin system and induces molecular changes including cell cycle regulators, hypoxic responses, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.

    Conclusions:

    • Experimental UO provides a robust model for studying TIN pathogenesis and congenital obstructive nephropathy.
    • UO-induced TIN is not readily reversible and lesions can progress post-obstruction.
    • The model facilitates the study of molecular pathways involved in TIN development.
    • Further research is needed to translate findings into effective treatments for TIN and obstructive uropathy.