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Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

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Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter
07:42

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Published on: September 17, 2016

Light inputs shape the Arabidopsis circadian system.

Bénédicte Wenden1, László Kozma-Bognár, Kieron D Edwards

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH93JH, UK.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|January 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The plant circadian clock is influenced by light signaling pathways. Far-red light, mediated by phytochrome A, significantly alters rhythmic gene expression, highlighting light

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Published on: February 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • The eukaryotic circadian clock is a key genetic sub-network for systems biology.
  • Plant circadian systems are complex, involving phototransduction pathways under circadian control.
  • Investigating simpler systems is crucial for understanding plant clock mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the influence of light signaling on the plant circadian clock.
  • To investigate the role of specific photoreceptors, like phytochrome A, in mediating light input.
  • To identify clock genes involved in light-mediated responses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of etiolated seedlings entrained by temperature cycles using microarray assays.
  • Studying circadian interactions with light signaling using a single active photoreceptor (phytochrome A).
  • Mutant analysis to identify clock genes mediating far-red light effects.

Main Results:

  • Temperature entrainment revealed rhythms in core clock genes but limited downstream targets.
  • Constant far-red light, mediated by phytochrome A, profoundly altered rhythmic gene expression.
  • Dark intervals were necessary for high-amplitude circadian rhythms across the transcriptome.

Conclusions:

  • Light input pathways significantly impact the plant circadian clock.
  • Phytochrome A plays a critical role in mediating far-red light effects on circadian gene expression.
  • EARLY FLOWERING 4 is identified as a potential mediator of far-red light responses in the plant clock.