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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Nucleophosmin delocalization in thyroid tumour cells.

Annalisa Pianta1, Cinzia Puppin, Nadia Passon

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 1, 33100 Udine, Italy.

Endocrine Pathology
|January 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nucleophosmin (NPM) shows increased cytoplasmic localization in thyroid tumors. Unlike in leukemia, NPM1 mutations are absent, but NPM nuclear localization can be induced in non-tumorigenic cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a key nucleolar protein with dual roles as an oncogene or tumor suppressor.
  • NPM1 gene mutations cause NPM delocalization in acute myeloid leukemia.
  • In solid tumors, NPM overexpression, not delocalization, is typically observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate NPM protein localization in thyroid tumors.
  • To determine if NPM1 mutations are present in thyroid malignancies.
  • To explore factors influencing NPM nuclear localization in thyroid cells.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to assess NPM localization in thyroid tissues.
  • Immunofluorescence was employed in cultured thyroid cell lines.
  • Analysis included normal thyroid tissue, follicular adenomas, papillary carcinomas, and cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Cytoplasmic localization of NPM was significantly increased in follicular adenomas and papillary carcinomas compared to normal thyroid tissue.
  • NPM1 mutations, common in leukemia, were absent in the investigated thyroid tumors.
  • Thyroid cancer cell lines exhibited NPM localization in both the nucleolus and nucleus, unlike non-tumorigenic cells (nucleolus only).
  • Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A or absence of thyroid-stimulating hormone induced nuclear NPM localization in non-tumorigenic cells.

Conclusions:

  • NPM cytoplasmic localization is a feature of thyroid adenomas and papillary carcinomas.
  • Thyroid tumors do not harbor the NPM1 mutations seen in leukemia.
  • NPM nuclear localization in non-tumorigenic thyroid cells can be modulated by specific cellular conditions.