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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease with...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Two features at the two-dimensional freezing transitions.

Ziren Wang1, Weikai Qi, Yi Peng

  • 1Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|January 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified two key indicators for two-dimensional freezing transitions in colloidal systems. These findings offer new, robust criteria for understanding phase changes in microscale materials.

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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Colloidal science
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) freezing transitions are fundamental in condensed matter physics.
  • Understanding these transitions is crucial for designing novel materials and devices.
  • Existing freezing criteria often face limitations such as finite-size effects and the need for microscopic data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the universal features of 2D freezing transitions in colloidal systems.
  • To identify robust and measurable criteria for determining 2D freezing points.
  • To compare novel freezing criteria with conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of microgel colloidal sphere monolayers using video microscopy.
  • Simulations of hard disk and Yukawa particle monolayers.
  • Analysis of local orientational order parameter distribution.
  • Calculation of two-body excess entropy (s(2)).

Main Results:

  • Identified a bimodal distribution profile of the local orientational order parameter at freezing points.
  • Observed that two-body excess entropy (s(2)) consistently reaches -4.5±0.5 kB at freezing.
  • Both identified features serve as sensitive and robust empirical freezing criteria.
  • The new criteria overcome finite-size ambiguities and reduce statistical requirements.

Conclusions:

  • The bimodal orientational order parameter and specific two-body excess entropy are universal indicators of 2D freezing.
  • These features provide reliable and practical criteria for identifying freezing transitions in 2D systems.
  • The findings offer improved methods for studying phase transitions in colloidal and other 2D materials.