Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
Data are classified based on whether they are measurable or not. Categorical data cannot be measured; instead, it can be divided into categories. For example, if Y denotes a person's party affiliation, some examples of Y include...

Stereotype Content Model

Stereotype Content Model

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence categorization, a person will feel...

The Representativeness Heuristic

The Representativeness Heuristic

The representative heuristic describes a biased way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something. For example, you may assume that your professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with your stereotypes of professors.

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

International Competences for Undergraduate Psychology (ICUP): A constructive shift for psychology?

The American psychologist·2026

Same author

EEG Based Decoding of the Perception and Regulation of Taboo Words.

Psychophysiology·2026

Same author

Null hypothesis significance testing vs. Bayesian inference using generalized linear mixed models with binary outcomes: a case study under practical design constraints.

Frontiers in psychology·2026

Same author

Cognitive traits modulate the effects of images and familiarity on judgments of news accuracy.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Exploring visual categorical learning in teleost fish Danio rerio and Xenotoca eiseni.

Animal cognition·2026

Same author

Graphic transmutations identify the phenomenon of meaningless pictures remembered as familiar objects.

Scientific reports·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

The effect of grammatical gender on object categorization.

Roberto Cubelli¹, Daniela Paolieri, Lorella Lotto

¹Department of Cognitive Sciences and Education, University of Trento, Italy. roberto.cubelli@unitn.it

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|January 26, 2011

Summary

Grammatical gender influences object categorization in speakers of gendered languages like Italian and Spanish, but not English. This effect stems from lexical representations where shared grammatical gender facilitates noun processing.

More Related Videos

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Linguistics
Psycholinguistics

Background:

The influence of grammatical features on cognitive processes is a key area in psycholinguistics.
Grammatical gender systems vary across languages, potentially impacting how speakers process and categorize information.
Previous research has explored the relationship between language structure and cognitive biases.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of grammatical gender on object categorization across different languages.
To determine if shared grammatical gender facilitates or hinders semantic categorization tasks.
To explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying the interaction between grammatical gender and lexical processing.

Main Methods:

Three experiments were conducted using monolingual speakers of English, Italian, and Spanish.
Participants performed object categorization tasks, judging semantic relatedness of object pairs.
Stimuli pairs either shared grammatical gender or did not; articulatory suppression was used in one experiment.

Main Results:

Italian and Spanish speakers showed faster response times for object pairs sharing grammatical gender.
English speakers, lacking grammatical gender on nouns, exhibited no such effect.
The grammatical gender effect disappeared under articulatory suppression in Spanish speakers.

Conclusions:

Grammatical gender significantly influences object categorization in speakers of languages with grammatical gender.
The interaction between meaning and gender occurs at the lexical representation level, facilitating processing.
Shared grammatical gender between nouns enhances lexical activation, speeding up categorization regardless of semantic relatedness.