Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
Pleura of the Lungs
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology
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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Marit E J Leermakers1, Rudi M H Roumen
1Máxima Medisch Centrum, afd. Algemene Heelkunde, Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
A patient with liver metastasis from colorectal cancer also had calcified pleural plaques. These plaques, observed during surgery, are linked to his history of asbestos exposure.
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