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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Assessment of Ultrastructural Neuroplasticity Parameters After In Utero Transduction of the Developing Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord
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Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity?

Michael Pluess1, Jay Belsky

  • 1Institute for the Study of Children, Families and Social Issues, Birkbeck University of London, UK.

Development and Psychopathology
|January 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal prenatal distress impacts child health and behavior. Early developmental plasticity, influenced by prenatal factors and genetics, shapes how children respond to their environment.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Maternal Health

Background:

  • Maternal prenatal distress is linked to adverse child health and behavioral outcomes.
  • Infant cortisol levels and negative emotionality are also associated with prenatal distress.
  • These infant characteristics may moderate environmental influences on development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore if susceptibility to rearing environments is shaped by the prenatal environment (nurture).
  • To examine the role of fetal environment in shaping developmental plasticity.
  • To investigate potential genetic influences on prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.
  • Examined the relationship between low birth weight (marker of adverse prenatal environment) and infant temperament.
  • Reviewed existing evidence on differential susceptibility and biological sensitivity to context.

Main Results:

  • Low birth weight predicts difficult infant temperament, a susceptibility factor.
  • Difficult infant temperament moderates the effects of parenting and child care on socioemotional functioning.
  • Emerging Gene × Environment interaction research suggests genetic predispositions to prenatal programming.

Conclusions:

  • Early developmental plasticity appears to be a function of both genetics (nature) and prenatal environment (nurture).
  • Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity may be an evolutionarily adaptive mechanism.
  • Susceptibility to developmental influences can be shaped by early life experiences.