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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
06:05

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Understanding cloacal anomalies.

S A Warne1, M P Hiorns, J Curry

  • 1Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK. stephaniewarne@hotmail.co.uk

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|January 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent cloaca, a severe anorectal malformation, requires complex surgical reconstruction. While surgery can correct defects, lifelong monitoring is crucial for bowel, bladder, and renal function, alongside gynecological assessment.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

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Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
07:41

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Developmental Biology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Persistent cloaca is the most severe congenital anorectal malformation.
  • Associated anomalies, particularly urinary tract and spinal, are common.
  • Surgical correction presents significant reconstructive challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the embryology and diagnosis of persistent cloaca.
  • To outline early management and surgical reconstruction techniques.
  • To discuss long-term outcomes and surveillance needs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of embryological development.
  • Analysis of prenatal diagnostic methods.
  • Discussion of neonatal findings and radiological assessments.
  • Summary of early management strategies.
  • Evaluation of common surgical reconstruction techniques.

Main Results:

  • Anatomical correction is achievable in most patients through surgery.
  • Bowel and bladder control are primary goals of reconstruction.
  • Many patients require additional urological procedures for continence and renal protection.
  • Renal failure affects approximately 50% of patients, necessitating lifelong surveillance.
  • Gynecological issues are frequent, requiring assessment at puberty.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical reconstruction can achieve anatomical correction for persistent cloaca.
  • Long-term management requires multidisciplinary care, including urology and gynecology.
  • Lifelong surveillance is mandatory due to high risks of renal failure and associated problems.