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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Schottky Barriers
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
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Vertical-coupling optical interface for on-chip optical interconnection.

Hirohito Yamada1, Michinao Nozawa, Masao Kinoshita

  • 1Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan. yamada@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp

Optics Express
|January 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a grating coupler for efficient optical signal transmission between optical fibers and on-chip waveguides. This interface offers high coupling efficiency and tolerance for fiber misalignment, enabling advanced optical interconnections.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Optical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • On-chip optical interconnections are crucial for high-speed data processing.
  • Efficient coupling between optical fibers and microphotonic waveguides remains a challenge.
  • Existing methods often require precise alignment and have limited tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel vertical-coupling optical interface for on-chip optical interconnection.
  • To achieve efficient and robust signal transmission between single-mode optical fibers and microphotonic waveguides.
  • To overcome limitations of existing fiber-to-chip coupling techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a grating coupler integrated with a reflective mirror and optical power combiner.
  • Utilizing a vertical-coupling approach for optical signal transmission.
  • Characterization of optical coupling efficiency and tolerance to fiber misalignment.

Main Results:

  • The proposed optical interface demonstrates high optical coupling efficiency.
  • The interface exhibits a wide tolerance range for optical fiber misalignment.
  • High coupling efficiency is maintained even with near-vertical optical input to the chip surface.

Conclusions:

  • The developed grating coupler provides an effective solution for fiber-to-chip optical interconnection.
  • The interface's robustness and efficiency pave the way for practical on-chip optical networks.
  • This technology enables simplified integration of optical fibers with microphotonic devices.