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Related Concept Videos

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...

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Related Experiment Video

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Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress in brain damage.

Ram Raghubir1, Venkata Prasuja Nakka, Suresh L Mehta

  • 1Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR), Chatter Manzil Palace, Lucknow, India.

Methods in Enzymology
|January 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) to manage damage. Understanding ER stress mechanisms is crucial for developing treatments for brain diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function is vital for cellular activities and survival.
  • ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to mitigate damage, but prolonged or severe stress can lead to cell death.
  • ER stress-associated cell death pathways are implicated in various conditions, including diabetes, hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the switch between cell survival and cell death signaling during ER stress in the context of brain damage.
  • To identify key molecular players regulating the ER stress response in neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • This study focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR).
  • The research investigates signaling pathways from the ER to the nucleus and cytosol.
  • The study examines the role of ER stress in various pathophysiological conditions and neurodegenerative disorders.

Main Results:

  • Disturbances in ER function lead to the activation of the UPR.
  • Severe or persistent ER stress can trigger cell death pathways.
  • ER stress is a recognized factor in conditions such as diabetes, hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The precise molecular mechanisms governing ER stress-induced cell death in brain damage require further investigation.
  • Developing a deeper understanding of ER stress-mediated cell survival and death pathways is essential.
  • Molecules involved in regulating the ER stress response represent potential therapeutic targets for brain diseases.